2-12-2017
Assignment Instructions
Select two journal articles in your field that use a
quantitative research method. For each article complete a 2 page
summary.
Each summary should include: Complete article reference
in Turabian auto-date format.
1.
Purpose of the Study;
2.
Summarize the article and explain
the study's objectives, and;
3.
What research question are they
trying to answer? and;
4.
What were the independent and
dependent variables? and;
5.
How were these measured in the
study? and;
6.
Describe the design and methods
carried out (design, subjects, measurement, procedure, etc) and;
7.
Discussion of the results, and;
8.
What did the research reveal? and;
9.
Outstanding research
questions:
10.
What was the study unable to
answer?
11.
What questions remain?
Body of Research Paper:
Field Appropriate:
Intelligence and Information
studies, oft times, rely upon, the aggregate knowledge, of other academic
fields, to better support, answers, to any given complaint. Although, the
field, of intelligence studies-is a separate academic genre, it is not isolated.
Many International complaints, that end up in the hands, of International intelligence,
are completely ignored. However, on a rare occasion, when someone is at an
office, an actually working for a living-then, at those given times, the field
of intelligence, does need the assistance of information, for other academic
disciplines.
Sometimes, assistance is offered,
and it is unsolicited, and more burdensome-than helpful. Whilst at other times,
information can be made, freely available online, and then-when access is
required, theoretically, WiFi, is enough, to access what is need, through
online data bases, and academic repositories. When those from the outside, are
too attentive, and offer too much “help,” without heeding the words: “NO,”
then, it is obvious, to more than just my staring eyes, the goal-is one of
dishonest interference, and-will never be viewed, or accepted as kindness. No
one, in the field of intelligence, who really works in the field-is that
stupid, or that blind. Lying to people, will never be helpful.
Study 1: “Association Analysis as
a Strategy for Improvement Quantitative Traits In Plants”
Summary of the Quantitative
Research Study:
The
study is about the existence of significant genetic markers, that have not been
previously, identified, as: “significant (Breseghello et al. 2006, 1323).”
Although, a gene exists-that, does not mean, that a specific trait, can be
exclusively attributed, to just that one gene. Oft time, as in the cerebrum,
genes work together-through a serious of chemical, and electrical interactions.
It takes more than one area of the brain, to create any given reaction, to any stimulus,
whether it be, a: CNS, or a PNS response. Sometimes, however, the response, can
be located-to be due to interactions, that occur, in a general area, i.e.:
hind-brain, pons-more-and-more specific, and then-on a rare occasion, that
reaction can be narrowed down, to a stimulus, the size of a tiny pin prick.
Gene mapping, for causes and reactions,
are theoretically-not that difficult, it is the gene isolation, for: pre-cursor,
and reactant, and the actual-reaction, that can be the most difficult.
Therefore, modern science, has suggested that science, isolate genes, by formulating
a “synthetic (Breseghello et al. 2006, 1323).” It is the goal, of the gene
mapper-to isolate the gene, and its traits, so that, when the synthetic, is
utilized, in a gene mapping experiment, the gene’s expression, will better
explain, how that “particular trait,” adds, to the interaction, with other
genes. Gene mapping, is a slow, and a tedious process, and takes a significant
amount of money, due to the equipment and supplies-required, to carry out, a
heat/cold, and petry dish/microscope-lab environment, and experiment.
Research Question:
“Are synthetic genes the key to isolating
genes, for personified expression of: trait characteristics, to determine-the
overall: purpose, and usefulness, of the purpose of existence-of an individual
gene. What does that ‘particular gene’ alone-determine, with no interactions,
with anything else-what does it cause, are there benefits, or are there
deficits, and, what are they? Should the gene be marked-as a: “high-risk gene,”
for a particular disease, or for a: syndrome, or for a set of cancer receptor
cells, or something just as devastating: birth defects, low IQ, sociopathic
tendencies, etc.” –Miss. Bayo Elizabeth Cary, AA, BA, MLIS
Variables: What were the “Independent”
and “Dependent” variables: Independent and Dependent Variables? :
Independent Variables:
The experiment, is set up, with no
isolation of synthetic genes, and no additional stimulus of any other type-this
is the “a priori” group. The resolution, of interactions, between the genes, in
their natural environment, and under their natural conditions-in a lab environment,
are recorded. The focus of the observations, regarding gene interactions, are
no the: “linkage disequilibrium.”
The “linkage disequilibrium,” is
labelled: “nonrandom,” because of pre-existing chemical and -genetics-when the
interactions, are favorable enough to occur-they are: “pre-determined and
favorable for the plant (Breseghello et al. 2006, 1323).” And when, an
interaction is rejected, it is because the chemical combination, would have
caused too negative a result-soo, both genes, that attempt the interaction-die
off to the side, as: “Useless Gene Mutations-Mutants (Breseghello et al. 2006,
1323).”
Dependent Variables:
The dependent variables, are also
called the: “experimental,” or the: “control group.” The “control group,”
requires some sort of manipulation, and then, the results, are compared to the
results, from the: “a priori (Breseghello et al. 2006, 1323).” Independent group-and
this is the basic format, of every “true-experiment.”
This study, is designed, like the
studies conducted with pea plants, Mendal-he was clergy, and the first known
experiments, in plant genetics, and a move towards agriculture eugenics. When
the synthetic genes, are substituted, for the natural genes, and the gene
experimental studies, are re-conducted, the synthetic gene, personify the
interactions, cause, by the “natural,” and not as “isolated,” genes.
What did the quantitative results
reveal?
The overall purpose of this experiment,
pertains to the location, of: “polymorphic” and beneficial plant genes. The
study begins, with one or two beneficial plant genes, that in some way-increase
the valuable nature, of a plant. Then, by using those few genes, and knowledge
about how they contribute positively, to the plant, and or growing environment,
the scientist, begins to isolate, other genes, that the “beneficial gene,”
interacts closely with: “tight linkage (Breseghello et al. 2006,1323).”
The stated goal of corporations, like
Monsanto, is to experiment, with plant biology, to improve overall farming
outcomes. There are some natural plant chemical characteristics-which, work as
herbicides, and, retain water like plastic, and, grow in soils that are too dry
and sandy to farm-etc. By working, with “beneficial genes,” Monsanto, and other
seed companies, hope to grow plants, that will not die-before, you are-able-to
eat them. Pesticide, is a poison, and damages the environment, and not just
water, and to such an extent, that-it has been hoped, that one day, the usage,
will no longer be necessary.
Risks Associated with Plant GMO’s:
The highest risks, that are associated,
with eugenic plant breeding, relate to “inbreeding.” The constant breeding, of
the same gene pool, with little or no variation of new blood, can lead to:
genetic defects-both: gestational and, of a more permanent type, i.e.-a denaturalization,
of the genes themselves, such as: trisomy 21, also known as: downs syndrome (Breseghello
et al. 2006, 1325-1326). When plant genes, are susceptible to disease, they can
be wiped out quickly-like, in the Irish potato blight. A dishonest man-sold
Ireland, inbred Idaho potatoes.
Conclusion: The Fate of Ireland-Placing
TRUST, In the Wrong Hands:
When Ireland, refuse to give the
many, everything he wanted-all-of-the-time, both: realistic and ridiculous, the
man, collected bat guano, from some Caribbean ocean caves, and hired “black
Irish,” to dump it all over the sprouting potato seedlings. A sad lesson was
learned, and delivered by “black Irish.” Ireland-never forgave-since that time,
“black Irish,” have been a family of terrorists, in Northern Ireland. Irish, do
not like Blacks. My last name is Cary-please do not blame me, I was adopted,
and my real family, is not from Ireland. Too many people, have unrealistic
conceptions, and hence-blame the wrong people. I am not to blame-again.
Study 2: “Preparation and use of
reference materials for quality assurance in inorganic trace analysis”
Summary of the Quantitative
Research Study:
Typical examples are in the semiconductor industry, where the level of
impurities must be kept at a very low level, often lower than mgkg1 (ppm), or
in nuclear technology, where uranium used as a nuclear fuel and some other
reactor materials must be free of even traces of elements strongly absorbing
neutrons. (Dybczynski 2002, 928)
Research Question:
This study, is about the presence of “trace
particles.” The argument, in favor of the experiment begins, with the brief
explanation, of some of the limitations, such as: “the trace amounts, are soo
insignificant, in mass, and in weight-that, it cannot really be weighed, as an “a
priori (Dybczynski 2002, 929):”
Typical examples are in the semiconductor industry, where the level of
impurities must be kept at a very low level, often lower than mgkg¡1 (ppm), or
in nuclear technology, where uranium used as a nuclear fuel and some other
reactor materials must be free of even traces of elements strongly absorbing
neutrons. (Dybczynski 2002, 929)
Experimental Limitations:
Then, the argument,
goes on to state, that the trace amounts are soo small, as to be extremely
difficult, to ever measure-really,” and that is why, this seemed to be a: new,
original, and interesting, original-research question (Dybczynski 2002, 929).
Trace analysis, of chemicals and of minerals, are helpful, for several reasons:
Growing concern about environmental pollution has made it necessary to
monitor regularly water, air, soil, etc. for the content of organic
contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs), etc. and also for trace elements. Progress in medicine and
biology has revealed the significance of essential trace elements (Mn, Fe, Co,
Cu, Zn, Mo, I, Ni, Se, Sn), and toxic trace elements (Pb, Hg, As, Cd) for human
health. The determination of these elements in tissues and body fluids and also
in food products has became (sic.) every day practice in many laboratories. (Dybczynski
2002, 929)
Because trace
elements, contribute, to our daily lives, in such a significant way, the experimenter,
found that examining, the: validity and reliability, of the calculated results,
from trace analysis, to be, of more importance-than, perhaps, that trace elements,
themselves. I find, that the ambitions, of this experiment, to uncover the inconsistencies,
in trace elements sampling-could potentially, offer a great deal, to a number of
fields, of professional practice.
Variables: “Independent” and “Dependent”
Variables:
There are no measurable variables, for
this experiment, that can be utilized, for the “control,” portion of a true
experiment. This-although quantitative, and research based, is a: “quasi-experiment.”
The final conclusion, of the research paper, recommends: “CRM’s,” in place of
other standards, to determine whether trace materials, are measured correctly (Dybczynski
2002, 935):
CRMs are nowadays an indispensable component of quality assurance, which is
especially important in trace analysis where the analyst very often does not
know what concentration level of an element in a given material can be expected
and where, as shown in numerous interlaboratory comparisons, the differences in
analytical results obtained in various laboratories may range over several
orders of magnitude (Dybczyski 1997, 1998). CRMs serve in inorganic trace
analysis as a means of transferring measurement quality (Dybczynski 2002, 935).
Research
Study Method:
A CRM measurement
chart, is similar to (sic.) a periodic table-in the field of Chemistry. The
table uses measurements that have been performed, in various academic
studies-with the same trace elements, and then-aggregates the information, to
provide: a relatively accurate, reference table, for expected measurements,
under specific lab conditions (Dybczynski 2002, 928):
When the determination of an element in a CRM gives the correct result
(i.e. the one in agreement with the certifcate), it may be assumed that the
result for the same element in an unknown sample is also correct, provided the
overall composition of both materials and the concentrations levels of the
analyte are not too different. Therefore, the use of CRMs assures the transfer
of accuracy and the achievement of measurement compatibility on a global scale.
(Dybczynski 2002, 935)
A Future: Answers and More
Questions:
CRM’s, are necessary,
for a variety of certifications. Without the analysis of certain trace
elements, some businesses, could not open a front door, and other businesses,
could never operate. Trace elements-always exist, and the presence, in any
product-does fluctuate, and, for this reason-when concern, for trace elements
arises, then, the tests do become repeat. Some trace element tests, must occur,
several times a day-while at other times, the test me be, per every package of
a certain product received:
The last requirement implies that the demand for new CRMs is practically
unlimited. Producers of CRMs for inorganic trace analysis should always include
in their strategy the need to demonstrate the homogeneity of the new CRMs and
their suitability (or not) for micro-analytical techniques. (Dybczynski 2002, 935
Conclusion:
The future of trace
element analysis, will be an active one. CRMs, contribute-in a new way, to an
older field. The ever-changing needs, and constituent components of chemicals,
is increasing the universal need, for newer, and more element specific: CRM
analysis tables. Below, I have provided information, to locate online, resources
related, to: CRMs:
Selected examples of food and other biological CRMs are shown in tables 3
and 4. Note that CRMs suitable for microchemical techniques nearly do not
exist. A comprehensive list of available CRMs can be found inter alia in the
IAEA Database of Natural Matrix Reference Materials:
http://www.iaea.org/programmes/nahunet/e4/nmrm/ index.htm. (Dybczynski 2002, 935)
References
Breseghello, Flavio,
and Sorrells, Mark E. 2006. “Association Analysis as
A Strategy For Improvement of Quantitative Traits in Plants.” Crop Science, vol. 46. 3.: 1323-1330. Accessed
February 12, 2017.
Dybczynski, R. 2002. “Preparation
and use of reference materials
for quality assurance in inorganic trace analysis.” Food
Additives and Contaminants, vol. 19. 10.: 928-938. Accessed February 12,
2017.
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